Ø ;fj{hflgs
k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff
/fHo ;~rfngdf
Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfsf] :yfg ljlzi6 /xG5 . oL ltg txsf] u}x|
pkl:yltdf /fHo ;~rfng x'g ;Sb}g . k|m]Gr bfz{lgs Aof/f]g8L dG6]:So"n] ;g\
!&$* df The spirit
of law
gfds cfˆgf] k':tsdf ;j{k|yd zlQm k[ylss/0fsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/] pgn] o;
l;4fGtdf
o
/fHosf] sfd Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf // sfo{kflnsf u/L ltg
c+udf afF8\g
o
k|To]s c+u Ps csf{sf] x:tIf]kaf6 :jtGq /xg
o
Ps c+un] csf{] c+usf] sfd gug{
o
Psn] csf{] c+unfO{ lgu/fgL /fVg ;'emfPsf 5g\
jt{dfg o'udf kqsfl/tfnfO{ /fHo ;~rfngsf] rf}yf] c+usf ?kdf :jLsfl/Psf]
kfO{G5 .
/fHo ;~rfngsf]] lznlznfdf ;fj{hflgs
k|zf;gsf] dxTj ljlzi6 5 . k|zf;gs} ;fxf/fn] /fHo4f/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf ljleGg
gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ul/G5 . ;an, ;Ifd, :jR5 / hgd"vL
k|zf;gsf] ;~rfng ug{ ;lsPdf dfq To; b]zsf] ljsf;n] ult lng ;S5 . ;dfhdf ljBdfg
q'l6 b]lvPdf xfdL eGg] u5f{} æoxfF k|zf;g g} 5}g ls Sof xf] <Æ To;}n]
;Dk"0f{ h; ckh;sf] efuL cGtTJfuTjf k|zf;gnfO{ agfpg] ePsf]n] k|To]s
/fi6«n] cfˆgf] k|zf;nfO{ k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;Ifdof]Uo agfpg' h?/L 5 .
Ø ;+ljwfgsf]
kl/efiff M
;+ljwfg To:tf l;4fGtx?sf] ;+u|x xf] h;n] ;/sf/sf] zlQm, zfl;tsf
clwsf/x? / tL b'O{ larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;Gt'lnt u/]sf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn] d'Nf'sdf Ps
/fhgLlts k4ltsf] ljsf; ug{] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ /fhgLlts b:tfj]h klg elgG5 . eg]
o;n] d'n'sn] ckgfpg] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs gLltx?sf] vfsf ;d]t agfpg] ePsf]n]
;+ljwfgnfO{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs b:tfj]h klg elgG5 .
Ø ;+ljwfgsf] cy{ M
c+u|]hL zAb Constitution Nofl6g efiffsf] Constitutio af6 cfPsf] xf],
h;sf] cy{ To establish x'G5 . pTkltsf]
cfwf/df x]bf{ klg ;+ljwfgnfO{ zf;g Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf ug{] lbzfdf ;/sf/sf
c+ux?sf] Joj:yf / ;~rfng ug{] sfof{Tds b:tfj]hsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
;+ljwfg ljbx?n] ;+s'lrt cy{ nufpg] qmddf ;+ljwfgnfO{ sfg'g ;Ddt
lgodx?sf] ;+ufnf] dfg]sf 5g\ eg] Jofks cy{df o;nfO{ sfg'g ;Ddt / c;Ddt
lgodx?sf] ;+ufnf] dfg]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !&#@ df Bolingbroke n] lbPsf] kl/efiffnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] Jofks
cy{df lng] u/]sf] kfO{G5 pgsf cg';f/ M æ;+ljwfg sfg'g tyf k|yfx?sf] ;+u|x xf]
h; cGtu{t ;dfhn] zfl;t x'g :jLsf/ u/]sf] x'G5 .Æ
Ø ;+ljwfgsf]
P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd M
·
;j{k|yd O{=k'= #%) lt/ c/:t'n] ;fdfGo sfg'g / ;+j}wflgs
sfg'gdf x'g] leGgtf k|:t't ub{} ;+j}wflgs cjwf/0ffnfO{ aflx/ NofPsf lyP .
·
hfkfgn] ;g\ ^)$ lt/ af}4 wd{ / ;fdlfhs g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t
sfg'gx?sf] ljsf; ug]{ u/L gofF cfofd yk]sf] lyof] .
·
a]nfotdf ;g\ !@!% df :jtGqtfsf] a8fkq dflgg] DofUgfsf6f{
hf/L u/L zf;snfO{ sfg'g cg';f/ rNg afWo kfl/Psf] lyof] .
·
!* cf}F ztflAbdf hf]g ns, ?;f], dG6]:So" h:tf
lj4fgx?sf] ;lqmotfsf sf/0f ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmdn] ltj|tf kfof] kmn:Jf?k cd]l/sf, k|mfG;,
/l;of x'Fb} ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sx?df ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g] qmd rNof] .
Ø kGw|f+} of]hgfsf]
bL3{sflng /fli6«o /0fgLlt M
o
ltj|, lbuf] / /f]huf/d"ns cfly{s a[l4 ug{]
o
;'ne tyf u'0f:tl/o :jf:Yo ;]jf // lzIffsf] ;'lglZrt ug{]
o
cfGtl/s tyf cGt/b]lzo cGt/ cfj4tf Pjd bLuf] zx/j:tL ljsf;
ug{]
o
pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug{]
o
k"0f{ lbuf] pTkfbglzn ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f ug{]
o
ul/aL lgjf/0f / cfly{s ;fdflhs ;dfgtf ;lxtsf]
Gofok"0f{ ;dfh lgdf0f{ ug{]
o
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;+/If0f / kl/rfng tyf pTyfglzntf ljsf; ug{]
o
;fj{hflgs ;]jfsf] ;'b[l9s/0f, k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ng / /fli6«o
Pstf ;+j4{g ug{]
-ltj|
;' cfpFbf k"0f{ ul/aL k|f;f eP_
Ø rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf]
d"Vo pknlAw pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
lj=;+= @)!# b]lv ;'? ePsf]
of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] qmddf xfn;Dd !$ j6f of]hgf nfu" eO{;s]sf 5g\ / !% cf}F
of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . P]ltxfFl;s ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkkl5sf]
klxnf] of]hgfsf] ?kdf rf}wf}F of]hgf -cf=j= @)&#÷&$– @)&%÷&^_
th{'df ePsf] lyof] . pTkfbglzn, /f]huf/L pGd"v Pj+ Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f
;lxtsf] pRr cfly{s j[l44f/f ul/aLnfO{ b'|t ?kdf Go"lgs/0f ub{} cfly{s
;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ug{} d'ne"t pb]Zo af]s]sf] !$ cf}F of]hgfsf d"Vo
pknAwLnfO{ o; k|sf/ pNNf]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
o
o; cjlwdf aflif{s cf};t cfly{s a[l4b/ )=* af6 ^=( k|ltzt
k'u]sf],
o
cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] afws dflgPsf] lg/k]If ul/aL @!=^
af6 !*=& df em/]sf],
o
dfgj ljsf; ;'rf+s )=%$ af6 )=%&$ df k'u]sf],
o
s[lif If]qsf] cf};t a[l4b/ !=# af6 $=@ k|ltzt k'u]sf],
o
ljw'lto zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{] dfWood O{G6/g]6df kx'Fr k|fKt hg;+Vof $$=$ af6 %$=$
k|ltzt k'u]sf],
o
hg;f+lVos nfef+z nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;,
e"sDk kl5sf] k"gM lgdf{0f / phf{ pTkfbg a[l4 h:tf ;s/fTds kl/b[Zoaf6
d'n'ssf] ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] k|:yfg ljGb'sf] cfwf/ tof/ ePsf] .
cGTodf,
d'n'ssf] ;jf{ªuL0f{ ljsf;sf] nflu eljiodf s] ug{] < lsg ug{] <
s;/L ug{] < s;n] ug{] < h:tf k|Zgsf] hjfkm of]hgfn] lbg] ePsf]n] / of]hgf
cu|udg, ljsf; / ?kfGt/0fsf] Jojl:yt vfsf ;d]t ePsf]n] /fd|f] of]hgf agfP/ To;sf
cIf/–cIf/sf] cy{ vf]Hg' eGbf klg ljut of]hgfx?sf] pknAwL ;ldIff ub{} rfn'
of]hgfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg' a'l4dfgL x'g]5 .
Ø zlQm k[ylss/0fsf]
l;4fGt M
zlQm k[ylss/0fsf] k|d"v sf/s / k|]/s tTjsf] ?kdf zf;ssf]
lg/ª\s'ztfnfO{ ;dfKt ug{'kg{] / hgtfsf] clwsf/sf] clwstd\ ;+/If0f ug{'kg{]
cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . ;Dk"0f{ zlQm Pp6} JolQmdf /x]sf] l:yltdf /fd|f] /
rl/qjfg zf;s klg sfnfGt/df lg/ª\s'z / cTofrf/L aGg ;Db5g\ . Jojxf/df To:tf]
x'g] klg u/]sf] 5 / o;} sf/0f /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{] zlQm ljleGg JolQm jf
c+udf afFl8g'kg{]] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo pTkGg ePsf] xf] .
k|flrg u|Ls bfz{lgsx? Kn]6f] / cl/:6f]6nn], k|flrg /f]dsf bfz{lgs l;;/f]
/ c7f/fF} ztflAbdf dG6]:So"n] zlQm k[ylss/0fsf] cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbPsf lyP
. h; dWo cl/:6f]6n / dG6]:So"sf] of]ubfg ljz]if 5 . ;j{k|yd k|m]Gr bfz{lgs
dG6]:So"n] ;g\ !&$* df The sprit of law gfds k':tsdf zlQm k[ylss/0fsf] af/]df
pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
Ø dG6]:So"sf]
zlQm k[ylss/0f l;4fGtsf] dfGotf M
o
/fHo zlQmnfO{ k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf /
Joj:yflksfdf ljefhg ug{'k5{ .
o
Ps JolQm Ps eGbf a9L c+ux?df axfn /xg' x'Fb}g / Psn]
csf{sf] sfo{ ug'{ x'Fb}g .
o
k|To]s c+u Ps csf{af6 :jtGq x'g'k5{ / Ps csf{sf] sfd
sf/afxLdf x:tIf]k ug{' x'Fb}g .
o
k|To]s c+usf] sfo{ ljefhg u/L ;f]sf] l;df lgwf{/0f ul/g'k5{
.
jt{dfg /fHoJoj:yfdf dG6]:So'n] l;kmfl/; u/]h:tf] ;/sf/sf ltg c+ux?sf
lar k"0f{ ?kn] zlQm k[ylss/0fsf] k|of]u ;Dej b]lvb}g . Jojxf/df zlQm
k[ylss/0f lg/k]If ?kdf xf]O{g ;fk]If ?kdf dfq} x'g ;S5 . ;/sf/sf c+ux?n]
k|0ffnLut ?kdf sfo{ ul//x]sf x'G5g\ ltlgx? cnu–cnu z/L/ geO{ Pp6} z/L/sf
cnu–cnu c+u x'g\ . ;dofg's'n ;fk]lIft / Jofjxfl/s zf;g k|0ffnL zlQm k[ylss/0fdf
xf]OGf zlQm ;Gt'ngdf lge{/ ub{5 .
Ø ljleGg Joj:yfx?df
zlQm ;Gt'ng / k[ylss/0f M
o
/fi6«klto zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;Gbe{df M /fi6«klto zf;g k|0ffnL
cjnDag ul/Psf] 7fpFdf zf;lso :j?ksf] l;4fGt adf]lhd zlQm k[ylss/0sf] l;4fGt
kfngf ug{ ;lsg] dflgG5 . ljZjdf zlQm k[ylss/0fsf] pTs[i6 k|of]usf] ?kdf cd]l/sL
;+ljwfgnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . h;df ljBflosL clwsf/ ;+:fbdf, sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/
/fi6«kltdf / Goflos clwsf/ Gofokflnsfdf lglxt 5 .
o
;+;lbo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;Gbe{df M ;+;lbo zf;g k|0ffnLdf zlQm
k[ylss/0fsf] l;4fGtsf] k"0f{ kfngf ;Dej b]lvb}g . ;fdfGotof ;+;bdf ;b:o
/x]sf] tyf ax'dt k|fKt /fhg}lts bnsf] k|d"vsf] g]t[Tjdf sfo{kflnsfsf] u7g
x'g] ePsf]n] zlQmsf] k[ylss/0f eGbf klg Plss/0f ePsf] dflgG5 . Joj:yflksfn]
dxfcleof]u dfkm{t sfo{kflnsf / sfo{kflnsfn] clwj]zgsf] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ adf]lhd
;+;b cfXjfg / cGTo dfkm{t Joj:yflksfsf] lj36g ug{;Sg] Ifdtf /fVb5g\ . oxfF
;}4flGts ?kdf zlQmsf] k[ylss/0f ;Dej geP klg Jojxf/ut ?kdf ;f]sf] k|aGw
ldnfO{Psf] x'G5 .
lgisif{ M Jojxfl/s ?kdf zlQmsf] /fHosf c+ux?df k"0f{ ?kdf
k[ylss/0f ;Dej 5}g, Jojxfl/s 5}g . zlQm k[ylss/0fsf] ;a}eGbf pbfx/l0fo / ;Ifd
cEof; ug{] cd]l/sL ;+ljwfgdf ;d]t sfª\u|];n] dxfcleof]u nufpg ;S5, ;GwL,
;Demf}tf / dxTjk"0f{ lgo'QmL l;g]6af6 cg'df]bg x'g'k5{ . o;} u/L
sfª\u|];af6 kfl/t ljB]osdfly /fi6«kltn] le6f] k|of]u ug{ ;S5 . Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg / l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]uaf6 Gofokflnsfn] /fi6«klt / sfª\u|];nfO{
r'gf}tL lbg ;S5 . t;y{ k"0f{ zlQm k[ylss/0fsf] l;4fGt zlQmsf] ;Gt'ng /
lgoGq0fsf] lj?4df x'G5 . To;}n] b'j} kIfsf] ldl>t dfu{ to ug'{ pko'Qm dflgG5
.
Ø ;fj{hflgs k|zf;g /
/fhgLltzf:q
p8«f]ljN;gn] ;g\ !**& df k|zf;g / /fhgLltnfO{
leGgf leGg} ?kdf k|:t't u/] To;sf] nut} ;g\ !()) df u8gfjn] oL b'O{ ljifonfO{
k[ys ?kd} cWoog ul/g'kg{] ljrf/ JoQm u/] . t/ tTkZrftsf lj4fgx?n] oL b'O{lar
nId0f/]vf sf]g{ gldNg] cleJolQm lbPsf 5g\ . l:y/ /fhgLlt / :jR5 ;/sf/ ePdf
b]zdf ljsf;n] ult lnPsf] kfO{G5 . l:y/ ;/sf/ ljsf;sf] k"j{;t{ xf] .
To;}u/L :jR5 ;/sf/ ;~rfng ePsf] /fHodf k|zf;g klg ;f]xL cg'?k kfO{G5 . o; k[i7
e"lddf klg /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf]
cGt/;DaGw af]w ug{ ;lsG5 .
oL
jf:tljstfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L k|To]s /fi6«n] /fhgLlt / k|zf;gnfO{ ;+u;+u} / ;dfg
Jojxf/n] kl/rfng ug'{k5{ . o;f] ePdf dfq ljsf;sf] pRrtd nIo xfFl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .
Ø ;fj{hflgs k|zf;g
lj1fg xf] ls xf]O{g <
;g\ !(#& df n'y/ u'lnsn] k|zf;sn] lgjf{x ug'{kg{] sfo{;"lr
POSDCORB sf] lgdf{0f ub{} ;fj{hflgs k|zf;gnfO{ lj1fgsf] ;+1f lbP t/ !) jif{ kl5
;g\ !($& df /a6{ 8fnn] b]xfosf ts{ /fVb} o;nfO{ lj1fgsf] ;+1f lbg gldNg]
atfPsf 5g\ M
o
;fj{hflgs k|zf;gsf] l;4fGt cg'z/0f ubf{ ;fj{hflgs d"No
dfGotfnfO{ ;d]t cg'df]bg ug{'kg{] x'G5 t/ lj1fg o; sfo{af6 d'Qm x'G5 .
o
tf]lsPsf] l;4fGtnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ k|zf;gdf JolQm ljz]ifn]
dxTj /fV5 t/ lj1fgdf ;f] x'Fb}g .
o
;+u7g ;~rfng ug{ ;fdflhs kl/j]zn] klg cxd\ e"ldsf
v]Nb5 t/ lj1fgdf of] s'/f nfu" x'Fb}g .
Ø ;+j}wflgs c+u
eg]sf] s] xf] < ;+a}wflgs kl/ifbsf] u7g s;/L ul/G5 pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf / Joj:yflksfsf] sfo{nfO{ d"Nof+sg ug{ jf
;Gt'ng / lgoG q0f sfod /fVg ;+ljwfgdf
Joj:yf ul/Psf :jfoQ lgsfonfO{ ;+j}wflgs c+u elgG5 . o:tf ;+j}wflgs c+usf] sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/ ;+ljwfgdf g} :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . b]zsf] cfjZostf / Joj:yf
cg';f/ ;+j}wflgs c+usf] ;+Vof km/s–km/s x'g ;S5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@
sf] wf/f @*$ df ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf
k|d"v / kbflwsf/Lx? tyf ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf k|wfgGofolw; / Gofolw;sf]
lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/; ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbn] ub{5 .
;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] u7g b]xfojdf]lhd ul/G5 M
k|wfg dGqL – cWoIf
k|wfg Gofolw; – ;b:o
k|ltlglw;efsf] ;efd'v – ;b:o
k|ltlglw;efsf] pk;efd'v – ;b:o
k|ltlglw;efsf] ljkIfLbnsf] g]tf – ;b:o
/fli6«o;efsf] cWoIf – ;b:o
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d"Vo ;lrj – ;b:o ;lrj
o
k|wfgGofolw;sf] kb l/Qm /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf]
a}7sdf ;b:osf] ?kdf sfg'g tyf Gofo dlGqn] efu lng]5g\ .
o
;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] tf]lsPsf kbx? l/Qm x'g' Ps dlxgf
k"j{ lgo'lQmsf]nflu l;kmfl/; ug{] Joj:yf 5 t/ d[To" jf /flhgfdfaf6 kb
l/Qm /x]sf] cj:yfdf l/Qm ePsf] Ps dlxgf leq lgo'lQm ul/;Sg'kg{] Joj:yf 5 .
Ø zlQm k[ylss/0fsf]
l;4fGt M
zlQm k[ylss/0fsf] k|d"v sf/s / k|]/s tTjsf] ?kdf zf;ssf]
lg/ª\s'ztfnfO{ ;dfKt ug{'kg{] / hgtfsf] clwsf/sf] clwstd\ ;+/If0f ug{'kg{]
cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . ;Dk"0f{ zlQm Pp6} JolQmdf /x]sf] l:yltdf /fd|f] /
rl/qjfg zf;s klg sfnfGt/df lg/ª\s'z / cTofrf/L aGg ;Db5g\ . Jojxf/df To:tf]
x'g] klg u/]sf] 5 / o;} sf/0f /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{] zlQm ljleGg JolQm jf
c+udf afFl8g'kg{]] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo pTkGg ePsf] xf] .
k|flrg u|Ls bfz{lgsx? Kn]6f] / cl/:6f]6nn], k|flrg /f]dsf bfz{lgs
l;;/f] / c7f/fF} ztflAbdf dG6]:So"n] zlQm k[ylss/0fsf] cfjZostfdf hf]8
lbPsf lyP . h; dWo cl/:6f]6n / dG6]:So"sf] of]ubfg ljz]if 5 . ;j{k|yd
k|m]Gr bfz{lgs dG6]:So"n] ;g\ !&$* df The sprit of law gfds k':tsdf zlQm k[ylss/0fsf] af/]df
pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
Ø dG6]:So"sf]
zlQm k[ylss/0f l;4fGtsf] dfGotf M
o
/fHo zlQmnfO{ k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf /
Joj:yflksfdf ljefhg ug{'k5{ .
o
Ps JolQm Ps eGbf a9L c+ux?df axfn /xg' x'Fb}g / Psn]
csf{sf] sfo{ ug'{ x'Fb}g .
o
k|To]s c+u Ps csf{af6 :jtGq x'g'k5{ / Ps csf{sf] sfd
sf/afxLdf x:tIf]k ug{' x'Fb}g .
o
k|To]s c+usf] sfo{ ljefhg u/L ;f]sf] l;df lgwf{/0f ul/g'k5{
.
jt{dfg /fHoJoj:yfdf dG6]:So'n] l;kmfl/; u/]h:tf] ;/sf/sf ltg c+ux?sf
lar k"0f{ ?kn] zlQm k[ylss/0fsf] k|of]u ;Dej b]lvb}g . Jojxf/df zlQm
k[ylss/0f lg/k]If ?kdf xf]O{g ;fk]If ?kdf dfq} x'g ;S5 . ;/sf/sf c+ux?n]
k|0ffnLut ?kdf sfo{ ul//x]sf x'G5g\ ltlgx? cnu–cnu z/L/ geO{ Pp6} z/L/sf
cnu–cnu c+u x'g\ . ;dofg's'n ;fk]lIft / Jofjxfl/s zf;g k|0ffnL zlQm k[ylss/0fdf
xf]OGf zlQm ;Gt'ngdf lge{/ ub{5 .
Ø g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf
zlQm k[ylss/0f / lgoGq0f tyf ;Gt'ngsf] cj:yf
M
g]kfndf zlQm k[ylss/0f, lgoGq0f tyf ;Gt'ngsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf g}
:ki6 5'6\ofO{lbPsf] 5 / ;do cg';f/ Jojxf/df klg nfu" eO{/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu & wf/f &$ b]lv efu ## wf/f #)% ;Dd zlQm
k[ylss/0f, lgoGq0f tyf ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGtsf ljljw :j?kx?sf] k|Tofe"lt
u/fO{Psf] 5 .
Joj:yflksfn] sfo{kflnsf pk/ M
o
dlGqkl/ifb Joj:yflksf k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g],
o
;fdfGo ax'dtaf6 k|wfgdlGq pk/ cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t ug{],
o
;lGw ;Demf}tf cg'df]bg ug{], ;+;lbo ;'g'jfO{, ;+s6sflng
3f]if0ffsf] cg'df]bg Joj:yflksfn] ub{5,
o
;+a}wflgs c+usf k|ltj]bgdf 5nkmn u5{ .
Gofokflnsfn] sfo{kflnsf pk/ M
o
;+a}wflgs kl/ifbdf k|wfgGofolwzsf] ;+nUgtf,
o
sfo{kflnsfsf] sfdsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg / cbfntaf6 ePsf]
km};nf dfGg afWo x'g],
o
ljleGg l/6df cfb]z hf/L ug{] sfo{sf] dfWodaf6 Gofokflnsfn]
sfo{kflnsf pk/ lgoGq0f ub{5 .
sfo{kflnsfn] Joj:yflksf pk/ M
o
/fi6«kltn] k|wfgdlGqsf] l/kmfl/;df Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
clwj]zgsf] cfXjfg / cGTo ug{],
o
;/sf/L gLlt tyf sfo{qmd k|:t't
o
cWofb]z hf/L ug{],
o
;'/Iff ;DalGw ljw]os ;/sf/n] dfq kf; ug{ kfpg] Joj:yfsf]
dfWodaf6 sfo{kflnsfn] Joj:yflksf pk/ lgoGq0f ub{5 .
Gofokflnsfn] Joj:yflksf pk/ M
o
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sn dfkm{t sfg'gsf] ;+j}wflgstf kl/If0f
ug{],
o
cbfntdf ljrf/flwg d'2fdf ;+;bdf 5nkmn ug{ aGb]h,
o
glh/ k|ltkfbg u/]/ sfg'g lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg],
o
l/6 lgj]bgdf ljleGg cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] .
Joj:yflksfn] Gofokflnsf pk/ M
o
Gofolwz pk/ dxfcleof]u nufP/,
o
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg pk/ 5nkmn u/]/,
o
Gofokflnsf ;DalGw sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f u/]/,
o
k|wfgGofolwz lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/; u/]/ .
sfo{kflnsfn] Gofokflnsf pk/ M
o
Gofo kl/ifbdf k|wfgdlGqsf] ;+nUgtf,
o
Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f u/]/,
o
km};nfn] nfb]sf] b08;hfo dlGqkl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df
/fi6«kltaf6 dfkmL d'NtjL x'g] .
Ø g]kfnsfnflu s]lx
ljr/0fLo kIfx? M
o
;+ljwfn] /fi6«kltnfO{ lbPsf] If]qflwsf/x? k|fo ;a}
sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ t/ /fi6«kltnfO{ sfo{sfl/0fL c+usf] ?kdf
:jLsf/ ul/Psf] eg] kfO{b}Gf .
o
;+a}wflgs / Gofo kl/ifbn] :jtGq x}l;ot k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . t/
lt lgosfaf6 lgo'lQmsfnflu l;kmfl/; ePsf JolQmx? ;+;lbo ;'g'jfO{af6 pko'Qm
7xl/g' k5{ . o;sf] cf}lrTo k|dfl0ft ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
o
/fi6«kltsf] cfr/0fsf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yflksfdf ax; ug{ gkfO{g]
;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] cefj 5 .
o
;/sf/n] s'g} klg GofolwznfO{ sfhdf v6fpg ;Sg] k|fjwfg :jtGq
Gofokflnsfsf] cjwf/0ff Pj+ l;4fGt;Fu d]n vfg] b]lvb}g .
o
:yfgLo txdf Pp6} JolQm :yfgLo sfo{kflnsf, :yfgLo Joj:yflksf
/ :yfgLo Goflos ;ldltdf /xg] Joj:yf zlQm
k[ylss/0fsf] l;4fGt;FUf d]n vfg] b]lvb}g .
o
g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xs :fDalGw sfg'gL Joj:yf M
g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ ;j{k|yd @)$& sf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !^ df pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . ;"rgfsf] xs ;DalGw P]g, @)^$ n] ;fj{hflgs
lgsfoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] jf ePsf ;fj{hflgs dxTjsf] sfd, tT;DalGw sf/afxLsf]
lg0f{o;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} lnvt ;fdfu|L jf hfgsf/L g} ;"rgf xf] egL pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 . To:t} g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @& df ;"rgfsf] xs
;DaGwL Joj:yfdf k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] jf ;fj{hflgs ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg]
/ kfpg] xs x'g]5 t/ sfg"g adf]lhd uf]Ko /fVg'kg{] ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L
lbg s;}nfO{ afWo kfl/g] 5}g egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
Ø jt{dfg g]kfnsf]
;+3 k|b]z / :yfgLo tx larsf] ax'cfoflds cGt/;DaGw .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ adf]lhd g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgf ;+3, k|b]z /
:yfgLo tx u/L ltg txsf] /x]sf] 5 . oL ltg txsf ;/sf/n] /fHo zlQmsf] k|of]u
;xsf/Ltf, ;xcl:tTj / ;dGjosf cfwf/df u5{g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+l3otf :jzf;g /
;fem]bf/L zf;gsf cfwf/df ;~rflnt /x]sf] 5 . ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txlar /x]sf]
ax'cfoflds cGt/;DaGwnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 .
/fhg}lts cGt/;DaGw M
o
;+3n] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"lr %, k|b]zn] cg';"lr ^,
:yfgLo txn] cg';"lr * adf]lhdsf] Psn tyf ;+3 / k|b]zn] cg';"lr &
/ ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txn] cg';"lr ( adf]lhdsf ;femf clwsf/x? k|of]u
ug{] .
o
sfg'g lgdf{0f ubf{ :yfgLo txx?n] ;+3 / k|b]z;+u / k|b]zn]
;+3;+u aflemg] u/L gagfpg] .
o
g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o dxTJfsf ljifodf / k|b]zlar ;dGjo ug{]
ljifodf k|b]z dlGqkl/ifbnfO{ lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg] .
o
/fli6«o ;efsf] lgjf{rs d08ndf :yfgLo txsf k|d"v
pkk|d"v / k|b]z ;efsf ;b:ox? /xg] .
o
;+3–k|b]z / k|b]z–k|b]z larsf] ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ k|wfgdlGq
tyf ;+l3o dlGqx? / d"Vo dlGqx? ;dfj]z cGt/k|b]z kl/ifbsf] Joj:yf .
o
k|b]z lj36g ePdf ;+l3o zf;g nfu" x'g] .
o
k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txlar s'g} ljjfb ePdf k|b]z ;/sf/n] lg0f{o
ug{] .
cfly{s cGt/;DaGw M
o
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] cfk\mgf] clwsf/sf] If]qdf s/ nufpg
/ /fhZj p7fpg ;Sg] .
o
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+sng u/]sf] /fhZj ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txlar
Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
o
/fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df z'qsf]
cfwf/df /fhZj afF8kmfF8 ug{] .
o
;+3n] k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txnfO{ lgDg $ cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] M
;+l3o ;dflgs/0f, ;zt{ cg'bfg, ;dk'/s cg'bfg / ljz]if cg'bfg .
o
:yfgLo txsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf k|b]z sfg'gn] tf]s]
adf]lhd x'g] .
o
k|b]z / :yfgLo txNf] lng] cfGtl/s C0fsf] l;kmfl/; ;+l3o
;/sf/n] lgwf{0f u/] adf]lhd x'g] .
k|zf;lgs cGt/;DaGw M
o
;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf sd{rf/L ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf
;dfof]hg ul/Psf] .
o
sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g adf]lhd :yfgLo tx / k|b]zdf ;dfof]hg
ePsf sd{rf/L ;+3df cfpg ;Sg] .
o
k|b]z / :yfgLo txaf6 lglZrt ;+Vofdf sd{rf/L ;+3df cfpg ;Sg]
.
o
k|b]zdf k|b]z ;lrj / :yfgLo txdf k|d"v k|zf;lso clws[t
;+3af6 cfpg] .
o
k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf lgo'Qm sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+l3o ;|f]taf6 tna
eQfsf] ;'lglZrttf .
o
k|b]z leqsf :yfgLo txdf sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf ;DalGwt txsf]
l;kmfl/;df k|b]z ;/sf/n] ug{] .
o
:yfgLo txdf sd{rf/L / sfof{no ;DalGw Joj:yf ;DalGwt k|b]z
sfg'g adf]lhd x'g] .
