/fHo / zf;g
/fhgLltsf] kl/efiff M /fhgLltnfO{ ;s/fTds / gs/fTds b'j} tl/sfn]
kl/eflift ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . ;s/fTds ?kdf ljZn]if0f ug{]x?n] o;nfO{ lj1fgsf]
u'?sf] ?kdf cYof{pg] ub{5g\ eg] gs/fTds ?kdf kl/eflift ug{]x?n] o;nfO{ kmf]xf]/
Jofj;fo, 3[l0ft If]q, clwsf/ / ;fwg ;|f]t k|fKtLsf] /:;fs:;L / xf]8afhLsf] ?kdf
lng] u/]sf 5g\ . /fhgLltszf:qnfO{ kl/eflift ug{] qmddf k/Dk/fut / cfw'lgs
kIfnfO{ cfwf/ lng] ul/Psf] 5 .
o k/Dk/fut kl/efiff M k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ff adf]lhd /fhgLltnfO{ Ps ;+/rgfTds tyf cf}krfl/s
;+:yfsf] ?kdf x]g{] ul/Psf] 5 . k/Dk/fut ?Kfdf klg /fhgLltnfO{ /fHosf] cWoog
ug{], ;/sf/sf] cWoog ug{] / /fHo tyf ;/sf/ b'j}sf] cWoog ug{] u/L ltg efudf
ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . ufg{/, ANfG;nL, ;fN6f] h:tf lj4fgn] /fhgLltnfO{ /fHosf]
cWoog ug{] lj1fg egL kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ -ufAn;f/f_, lnss, l;n]
h:tf lj4fgn] /fhgLltnfO{ ;/sf/sf] cWoog ug{] ljBfsf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ -l;ln;_
To:t} h]g]6, nf:sL, lunqmfO:6 h:tf lj4fgn] /fhgLltn] /fHo / ;/sf/ b'j}sf] cWoog
ug{{] s'/f cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ -kfnflu;/f b'j}_ . -/fhgLlt zf:q
;fdflhs lj1fgsf] o:tf] kIf xf] h;n] /fHosf] cfwf/ / ;/sf/sf l;4fGtx?;Fu Jojxf/
ub{5 -kfn 6fFu]/_.–Poul janet_
o cfw'lgs kl/efiff M Jojxf/jfbL lj4fgx?n] /fhgLltsf] If]q lj:tf/ u/L /fhgLltnfO{
s]jn bfz{lgs, ;}4flGts / cfbz{sf] lj1fgdf l;ldt gu/L o;nfO{ Jojxf/jfbL lj1fgsf]
?kdf lng] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . plgx?sf cg';f/ /fhgLltn] s]an /fHo / ;/sf/sf] cWoog
ug{] geO{ x/]s dflg;, ;d'bfo, If]q / ;du| /fi6«s} Jojxf/, lqmofsnfk / cEof;sf]
ljZn]if0f ug{] zf:q xf] . -/fhgLlts zf:q dflg;sf dfgjLo lqmofsnfkx?sf] cj:yf /
k|ltkmndf rf;f] /fVg] zf:q xf]– x]lgh pnfp_ -Pp6f lglZrt l;dfgf leq ef}lts
zlQmsf] k|of]u jf eo zlQmsf] k|of]u;Fu ;DalGw cWoog ug{] lj1fg g} /fhgLlt xf] –
DofS; j]a/ _
/fhgLlt l;4fGt M
l;4fGtsf] pTklt Theoria af6 ePsf] xf] . h;sf] cy{ a'‰g] b[li6sf]0f÷x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f÷ JofVof
ug{] b[li6sf]0f eGg] nfUb5 . of] dl:tis lkR5] km/s km/s x'G5 . of] To:tf] ;To
xf] hf] cfkm}df c;To klg x'g;S5 . /fhgLlts
l;4fGt Tof] bz{g / lj1fg xf] h;n] /fhgLlts ljifoj:t'nfO{ ljZn]if0f,
JofVof cg';Gwfg / cWoog ub{5 . gful/sx?sf] hLjg, Jojxf/, ljrf/ / p;4f/f lgdf{0f
ul/g] ;/sf/ / ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]qdf gful/sx?sf] e"ldsf ;DalGw a[xt cWoog g}
/fhgLlts l;4fGt xf] . of] ;wF} lrGtsx?n] b]Vg] ;Totfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . /fhgLlts
l;4fGtn] dfgj ;dfh / Oltxf;sf] JofVof, k|s[lt / lgdf{0faf/] hfgsf/L u/fO{ ;dfhdf
eO/x]sf 4G4x?sf] ;|f]t vf]Hb5 .
/fHo M
;fdfGotof /fhgLlts ?kdf
;+ul7t ;dfhnfO{ /fHo elgG5 . of] ljz]if k|sf/sf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL xf] h;df
;Dk|e"tf /x]sf] x'G5 . /fHo To:tf] ;d'bfo xf] h;n] lglZrt e"–efudf
a;f]af; ug{] hg;+Vofdfly :jtGq 9+un] sfg"'gL ;Qfsf] k|of]u ub{5 . of]
;d'bfosf] klg ;d'bfo xf] . /fHo cd"t{, lg/fsf/, :yfoL / ;Dk|e"tf
;DkGg ;+:yf xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] wf/f $ df g]kfn :jtGq, cljefHo,
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, nf]stGqfTds, ;dfhjfb pGd'v, ;+l3o nf]stflGqs
u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf] eg]/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 -:jtclj ;fj{wDf{ ;dfnf]s
;df;+l3_ . /fHo eGg] zAbsf af/]df lj4fgx?lar Ps dt b]lvb}g, lxunn]
/fHonfO{ g}lts cfbZf{sf] d"t{ ?k dfGb5g\, a]+ydn] /fHonfO{ pkof]lutfjfbLsf]
l;4fGtsf ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ eg] nfssf] b[li6df ;Demf}tfsf] l;4fGt /fHon] sfof{Gjog
u/]sf] dfg]sf 5g\ -lxg} a]p nf;_ . /fHo x'gsf] nflu lgDglnlvt
tTjx?sf] cfjZos k5{ .
ü lglZrt e"efu
ü hg;+Vof
ü ;/sf/
ü ;fj{ef}d;Qf
ü cGt/fli6«o dfGotf, UNO sf] ;b:otf .
/fHosf log} tTjnfO{ ;dfj]z ub{} ufg{/
eG5g\ M /fHo dg'iosf] Tof] ;d'bfosf] gfd xf] h'g ;+Vofdf rfx] Tof] Hofbf xf];\
of sd t/ Ps lglZrt e"efudf :yfoL ?kdf /xG5 h'g s'g} klg afXo zlQmsf]
lgoGq0faf6 k"0f{ cyjf k|fo :jtGq /xG5 h;df Pp6f o:tf] ;/sf/ /xG5 h;sf] cfb]zsf]
kfngf To; e"efudf a:g] ;a} lgjf;Lx?n] k|fo ub{5g\ .
/fHosf] pTklQ / ljsf; M
Oltxf;df /fHo ljleGg :j?kdf
ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . h+uno'udf /fHo klg lyPg, zf;g klg lyPg ;a} k|fs[t cj:yfdf
:jTfGq lyP / dT:oGofosf] l:ylt lyof] . k|f/lDes /fHox?sf] ljsf; dWo cIff+zsf
glbx?sf] lsgf/df ePsf] lyof] . o; cj:yfdf n'6kf6 / o'4sf] ;do lyof] . ;fdflhs
Joj:yf b[9 / :yL/ lyof] . /fHosf] cfwf/ s[lif / kz'kfng lyof] . /fHosf] :j?k
;fd|fHojfbL lyof], ljleGg slanfx? lar v's'nf] ;DaGw /x]sf] lyof] .
bf];|f] r/0fsf] ljsf;df
o'gfgsf gu//fHosf ?kdf b]vfkb{5g\ . o:tf
gu/ /fHox? ef/tjif{, lrg, OlhK6, blIf0f cd]l/sf / g]kfndf ;d]t /x]sf lyP . t/
o'gfg /fHosf gu/ /fHo ;a}eGbf ljsl;t ?kdf b]vf kb{5g\ . oL /fHox? /fhtGqfTds,
nf]stflGqs / ;}lgs tfgfzfxL s''lngtlGqo / ;dfhjfbL ;a} k|sf/sf /x]sf] s'/f
c/:t'n] b kf]lnl6sfdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
o'gfgL gu/ /fHo kl5 /f]dg
;fd|fHosf] ljsf; x'g k'Uof] . o'/f]kdf To;kl5 g} aa{/ hftLn] cfqmd0f u/L /f]d
;fd|fHo dfly sAhf u/]kl5 ;fdGt /fHo :yflkt ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ !^$* sf] jo:6 kmflnof ;lGw kl5
cfw'lgs /fi6«/fHosf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . oL /fi6«x? hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}ldstfdf
cfwfl/t /fHosf ?kdf /xsf] kfO{G5 . o;af6 kf]k / ;d|f6sf] /fHosf] ;§f hgtfsf]
/fHosf] ?kdf kl/jt{g ePsf] lyof] . of] /fi6«/fHo kl5 g} ljZj /fHosf] kl/sNkgf
nf:sL h:tf lj4fgx?n] u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
jt{dfgdf ha dflg;x? cfˆgf]kgfsf] klxrfg,
;fd'lxlss/0fsf] af]w, ;fd'bflos k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;, ;fd'lxs cEof;sf] yfngL ug{
yfn] ta pgLx? ;d'bfo, ;d'x, ;dfh x'Fb} /fHolgdf{0f tkm{ pGd'Vf x'Fb}uPsf]
dflgG5 .
/fHosf ljz]iftfx? M
-ljleGgtf ;+ul7t :jtGq zlQm,
:yfoL clwsf/ ;dfh eGbf dfly,
ultlzn ;d'x/fHo
;+:yfsf] /fi6«/fHo _
·
/fhgLlts ?Kfn] ;+ul7t ;dfh /fHosf]
ljif]ztf xf] . o;df ;dfh /xG5 / ;+u7g klg /xG5 . /fhgLlts ?kdf ;+ul7t gePsf]
;dfhnfO{ /fHo dflgb}g /fhgLlts ?kdf ;+ul7t eg]sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / o;sf] pkof]usf
nflu ;/sf/ x'g' xf] .
·
/fHosf] cy{ Ps eGbf al9 /xg' o;sf]
ljz]iftf xf] . o;nfO{ df]6fdf]6L?kdf b'O{ cy{df k|of]u ul/G5 . klxnf] cy{df
/fHo Ps ;fdflhs ;+u7gsf ?kdf / bf];|f] /fHo ;Qfsf] ;+u7gsf ?kdf /xg' xf] . t/
oL b'j} Ps csf{;+u hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . /fHo lglZrt If]qdf /x]sf] ;dfh xf] . h;df
d"Nosf] cflwsf/Ls ljt/0f ug{] ;Qf ljsl;t ePsf] x'g' /fHosf] ljz]iftf xf] .
·
/fHo;Qfn] ;dfhnfO{ dfq lgoGq0f gu/L
cGo /fHox?;Fu ;d]t :jtGq ?kdf ;DaGw sfod ug{ ;Sg' klg o;sf] ljz]iftf xf] . /fHo
leq e"dL, hg;+Vof, ;/sf/ / ;fjef}ldstf x'g'n] o;nfO{ cGo ;Dffhaf6 cnu ug{]
ePsfn] o;nfO{ /fHosf] ljz]iftf dflgG5 .
·
/fHon] u/]sf ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg /
d"Nosf] ljt/0f cflwsfl/s x'g] ePsf]]n] of] afWosf/L x'g k'U5 / s;}n]
lj/f]w u/]fd of] b08gLo x'g] xF'bf /fHosf] lg0f{osf] k5f8L zlQm x'g' /fHosf]
ljz]iftf ePsf] 5 .
·
/fHodf ;fj{ef}ldstf / lgoGq0fsf]
Ifdtf x'g] ePsf]n] cGo ;dfheGbf dfly x'g' klg o;sf] ljz]iftf ePsf] 5 .
·
/fHonfO{ j}B clwsf/ k|of]u ug{]
clwsf/ x'g' klg o;sf] ljz]iftf xf] .
·
/fHodf ljleGgtf x'g' klg o;sf]
ljz]iftf xf] . /fHox? zlQm, ;Dklt, ljsf;, cfsf/ hg;+Vof cflbdf leGg /x]sf
x'G5g\ t/ klg ;a}nfO{ ;dfg / :jtGq dflgG5 . o;}n] c;dfgtfdf ;dfgtf / :jtGqtf
/fHosf] ljz]iftf x'g uPsf] 5 .
·
cfw'lgs /fHox? /fi6«/fHosf ?kdf
/xg' klg o;sf] ljz]iftf xf] .
·
/fHodf kl/jt{g x'Fb} hfg'n] /fHo
ultlzn ;+:yfsf ?kdf x'g' klg o;sf] ljz]iftf ePsf] 5 .
·
jt{dfg cj:yfdf /fli6«o /fHosf] ;§f
;d"x /fHo jf ljleGg If]qLo ;+u7g dfk{mt ;+3Lo 9fFrf ljsl;t u/L lqmofsnfk
ub{} hfg'n] ljutsf /fli6«o /fHosf] Psn klxrfg / :jtGqtfsf] ;§f dfd"lxs
sfo{ / ljsf; ultlalw /fHosf] gjLgtd ljz]iftf ePsf] 5 .
·
/fHo dflg;sf] cfjZostfsf nflu hGdG5
/ ;'vL hLjgsf nflu afFRb5 .
·
/fHonfO{ :yfoL ;+:yfsf ?kdf dflgG5
.
/fHosf] df}lns clwsf/ / bfloTj M
/fHo cGt/fli6«o ;d'bfosf]
;b:o ePsf]n] p;sf clwsf/x? /x]sf x'G5g\ eg] p;n] klg o;sf] k|flKtsfnflu s]lx
bfloTj k"/f ug'{kg{] x'G5 . /fHosf df}lns clwsf/x?df ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/,
:jtGqtfsf] clwsf/, cl:tTjsf] clwsf/ 5g\ eg] o;sf bfloTjx?df /fhgLlts bfloTj,
ef}lts bfloTj, g}lts bfloTj, ck/fw lj?4sf] bfloTj, cGt/fli6«o ck/fwlj?4sf]
bfloTj, ;+l3o bfloTj, ljb]zL JolQmk|lt /fHosf] bfloTj, k|zf;lso c+u4f/f ePsf
sfo{sf] /fHosf] bfloTj, ljb]zL;+usf] s/f/ k"/fug{] bfloTJf, ljb]zL ;DklQ ;DalGw
bfloTj, cft+sjfbL sfo{ /f]syfdsf] bfloTj cflb kb{5g\ .
zf;gk|0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ff / ljsf; M
k/Dk/fut ?kdf zf;g zAbn] ;]gf
Joj:yfkg ug{', cfly{s Joj:yfkg ug{', lgb{]lzt ug"{, lgoGq0fdf /fVg',
PsfTds / s]lGb|s[t k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u ug'{ tyf :j3f]lift sfg'g cg';f/ /fHo
;~rfng ug{' h:tf dfGotfnfO a'lemG5 . cfw'lgs /fHok|0ffnLdf zf;g eGgfn] zf;lso
zlQmsf] nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf cg';f/ ljefhg ug{', cfjlws lgjf{rg, ljlwsf]
zf;g, :jtGq Gofok|0ffnL, ax'njfb, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf, /fHosf] clwsf/ /
k|0ffnLsf] nf]stflGqs/0f u/L gful/s ;/f]sf/ / /fHosf] lxt k|j4gsfnflu ;'zf;g
sfod ug{' eGg] a'lemG5 .
k/Dk/fut zf;g k|0ffnLdf Pp6}
JolQmn] w]/} sfd ug{sfnflu Pp6} ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] cfw'lgs zf;g
k|0ffnLdf Pp6} sfo{ ug{sfnflu klg ljleGg c+ux? lgdf{0f ePsf] kfOG5 . zf;g
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ o;/L ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
k|flrgsfnsf] zf;gk|0ffnL M k/Dk/fut ?kdf
zf;g k|0ffnLdf b}ljzlQm, wfld{s dfGotf / wd{o'un] k"jL{o / kfZrfTo b'j}
zf;g k|0ffnLdf k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 / of] qmd s'g} g s'g} ?kdf dWosfn;Dd sfod
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
·
Kn]6f], Pl/:6f]6n h:tf lj4fgn] zf;g
Joj:yfnfO{ df]gfsL{, tfgfzfxL / k|hftflGqs u/L ljefhg u/]sf lyP .
·
Kn]6f]n] gful/s zf;gdf hf]8 lbb}
gful/s lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 r]tgf clej[l4 u/L zf;snfO{ lg/+s'z x'gaf6 /f]Sgk5{
eGg] wf/0ff /fv]sf] kfOG5 .
·
c/:t'n] ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf / sfg'g
sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg'kg{] dfGotfnfO{ cl3 ;f/]sf
lyP .
dWosfnsf] zf;gk|0ffnL M
·
!@!% sf] DofUgfsf6f{ nf]stflGqs
zf;gk|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df Pp6f P]ltxfl;s k|of; dfGg ;lsG5 .
·
!^@* df a]nfotsf] ;+;bn] hf/L
u/]sf] clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ffkqM /fhfsf] lg/+s'z clwsf/sf] s6f}tL, ;+;bsf]
;jf{]Rrtf
·
!^** sf] Bill of rights M /fhfsf] clwsf/x? ;+;bn] k|of]u ug{], ;+;lbo ;z+Qmtfsf] ljsf; ug{]
·
!&*% df A.V. Dicey n] sfg'gsf] zf;gsf] JofVof u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
·
!&*& df hf/L ePsf] cd]l/sL
;+ljwfgn] nf]stflGqs zf;gk|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf u¥of] . h;df M
ü zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff
ü zf;lso zlQmnfO{ Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfdf ljefhg
cfw'lgs sfnsf] zf;gk|0ffnL M
·
cfr/0fjfbL cfGbf]ng
·
k|yd ljZjo'4 / /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf
·
l4lto ljZjo'4 / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]
:yfkgf
·
;fd|fHojfbsf] cGTo
·
Joj:yfkgjfbsf] ljsf;
·
cfly{s pbfl/s/0f
·
;'zf;g
@! cfF}
ztflAbsf] zf;g k|0ffnL M GC DIL GRE GRE
· Good
governance
· Corporate
governance
· Democratic
institution sf] ;anLs/0f
· Inclusive
development
· Limitations
on the sovereignty and role of state.
· Good
governance, better governance, less governance
· Rule of the
people for the people by the people eGg] egfOnfO{ cfGd;ft\
· Encouragement
to E. governance
· Global
governance
· Responsive
governance
· Ethical
governance
vzf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;Gbe{ M zf;g k|0ffnL ;Fw}e/L p:t} /xg ;Sb}g lsg sL
hgtfsf cfjZostf, rfxgf, ljZjkl/j]z, /fhg}lts ;+:sf/ kl/jt{glzn 5g\ . zf;g
k|0ffnLsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ b]xfosf $ kIfx?af6 ljZn]if0f ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .
Ø zf;g k|0ffnLsf] sfnqmlds ;Gbe{ M
k|flrgsfn M zf;g k|0ffnL / o;sf :j?kx?sf]
;DaGwdf Ozfk"j{d} Kn]6f], Pl/:6f]6n, kf]lnlao;, l;;/f] h:tf bfz{lgsz?sf]
of]ubfg dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
dWosfn M ;g\ !@!% sf] DofUGffsf6f{ dfkm{t klxrfg
ul/Psf] k|hftGq, zf;g k|0ffnLdf hgtfsf] :yfg ;DaGwL P]lxfl;s k|of; pNn]vlgo 5 .
dWosfndf ePsf] /fhgLlts ljsf;qmd tyf cEof;, wd{u'?x?sf] zf;g k4lt, ;g\ !&^)
b]lv ;g\ !*$) ;Ddsf] cf}wf]lus qmflGt, sfn{dfS;{sf] pbo, ljN;g,
dG6]:So",j]a/, cu:6 sfD6], d]lsofa]nL h:tf ljrf/sx?sf] of]ubfg cflbsf]
cfwf/df @) cf}F zftflAbsf] k"jf{4;Ddsf] zf;g k|0ffnL / :j?kdf kl/jt{g
x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .
cfw'lgssfn M cfr/0fjfbL cfGbf]ng, k|yd
ljZjo'4, /fi6« ;+3sf] :yfkgf, cfly{s dGbL -!(#)_, lsG;sf] a[xt\ cy{zf:qLo
cjwf/0ff, sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ffsf] z'qkft, bf];|f] ljZjo'4, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]
:yfkgf, la|l6; ;fd|fHojfbsf] lj:tf/b]lv cGTo;Ddsf] Oltxf;, k'Flhjfb / ;dfhjfb
larsf] lzto'4,, /fi6« lgdf{0f / /fli6«otfsf] k|aw{gdf hf]8, /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf]
ljR5]bgb]lv Plss/0f ;Ddsf] cEof;, cjwf/0ffx? / l;4fGtx?n] zf;lso k|0ffnLdf gofF
cfofdx? yk] .
pQ/ cfw'lgssfn M ;g\ !(&) lt/sf]
ljs]lGb|s/0fsf] cjwf/0ff, Yofr/jfb / /]ugzf:qsf] pkhsf] ?kdf pbfl/s/0f,
ljZjJofkLs/0f, gofF ;fj{hflgs Joj:yfkg, ;'zf;g, ;/sf/sf] k'gMcfljisf/, pQ/bfoL
;/sf/, gofF ;fj{hflgs ;]jf, ljB'lto zf;g, ljZj zf;gh:tf ljifox?n] :yfg kfPsf
5g\ .
/fhg}lts jfbsf] cfwf/df zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;Gbe{ M
;dfhjfbL zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;;;Gbe{ M ;dfhjfbL /fHo
k|0ffnLsf] canDag ug{] d'n'sx?df ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf rf}tkmL{ x'g' kb{5 cyf{t
/fHo k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;/sf/sf] e'ldsf x:tIf]ksf/L x'g'kg{] dfGotfn]
:yfg k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 . ;/sf/sf] e'ldsf ;a} If]qdf x'g'k5{ eGg] o; dfGotfn]
zf;g k|0ffNfLsf] k/Dk/fut dfGotfnfO{
kIfkf]if0f ul//x]sf] x'G5 . ;dfhjfbL zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;Gbe{df o;sf]
dfGotfx? b]xfoadf]lhd kfO{G5g\ M
o /fHosf ;|f]tx?dflysf] :jfldTjdf Psflwsf/ sfod x'g'kg{]
o /fHo ;~rfngsf ;a} If]q / ljifox?df ;/sf/sf] ;jf{]RrtfnfO{ cª\uLsf/
ul/g]
o ;/sf/n] g} /fHosf ;|f]t / ;fwgx?sf] ljt/0f / k'gM ljt/0f ug{ k|efjsf/L
x'g]
o /fHon] ljsf;hGo / cfly{s ultljlwx?sf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ug'{ kg{]
o cfly{s v'nfkgn] cfly{s cl:y/tf, afXo x:tIf]k / k/lge{/tf l;h{gf ug{ ;S5
eGg] h:tf DffGotf af]s]sf] x'G5 .
k'lhjfbL
k|0ffnLdf /fHo / zf;gsf] ;Gbe{ M
;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf ePsf] Yofr/jfb / /]ugzf:qsf] pbf/
cy{k|0ffnL ;DalGw cf}krfl/s cleofgn] cjwf/0ffTds lx;fan] zf:qLo cy{zf:q b]lv
pbf/jfbL cy{tGq;Ddsf] ofqfdf #^) l8u|L kl/jt{g ePsf] . o; cjwf/0ffn] zf:qLo
cy{zf:qsf] l;ldt ;/sf/sf sfo{x? x'g] dfGotfnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . ablnFbf]
kl/j]zdf ;/sf/sf] e'ldsf l;ldt If]qdf /xg'k5{ / ;/sf/sf] x:tIf]kn] ahf/
c;Gt'ng, k|lt:kwf{df lgoGq0f, cfly{s ljsf;df ck]lIft glthf xfl;n x'g ;Sb}g eGg]
dfGotf /x]sf],
o /fHosf] kof{osf] ?kdf /xg] ;/sf/sf] dfGotf xfnsf lbgdf ax'n zf;lso
k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f kIfsf ?kdf dfq l;ldt x'Fb} uPsf] 5,
o ;/sf/n] cGttM /fHosf] ;kmntf / c;kmntfsf] h; lng'kg{] ePsf]n] ;/sf/n]
cfk\mgf] e'ldsfnfO{ core function af6 ljd"v
agfpg gx'g] dfGotfnfO{ o; cjwf/0ffn] klg l:jsf/ ub{5 .
/fhgLlts ;+/rgfsf] ?kdf ;/sf/sf :j?kx? M /fhgLlts ;+/rgfsf] ?kdf
;/sf/sf rf/j6f :j?k /x]sf 5g\
o PsfTds ;/sf/
o ;+3fTds ;/sf/
o cWoIffTds ;/sf/
o ;+:fbLo ;/sf/
;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff M
zf;g
Joj:yfnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L pQ/bfoL, kf/bzL{, hgd"vL, k|efjsf/L / ;xof]uL
agfpg' g} ;'zf;g xf] . csf]{ cy{df zlQm / clwsf/sf] ;d'lrt / Gofof]lrt k|of]u
g} ;'zf;g xf] .
;g\
!(%) sf] bzs cl3 ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfo{ g} b]zsf] zflGt ;'/Iff /
/fhZj ;+sng lyof] eg] bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kl5 oL b]zx?sf] Wofg ljsf; Joj:yfkg tkm{
uof] . ;fy} ljsl;t b]zx?n] ;d]t ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug{] OR5f JoQm u/]
. lolgx?n] ;xof]u pknAw u/fpFbf b]zut ljljwtfnfO{ Vofn gu/L ;dfg lsl;dsf]
;xof]u gLlt agfP eg] ;xof]u k|fKt ug{] d'n'ssf] cfGtl/s ljs[ltsf sf/0fx?n] ubf{
nlIft / ck]lIft ljsf; x'g ;s]g .
;g\
!(*) sf] bzskl5 bftfx?n] gLltut kl/jt{g ug{'kg{] / csf{]tkm{ ;xof]u k|fKt ug{]
d'n'sx?n] klg cfGtl/s ljs[ltnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{'kg{] cfjZostf af]w eof] . olx
kl/j]zdf j}b]lzs ;xof]usf] k"0f{ ;b'kof]usf lgldQ bft[ d'n'sn] tof/ u/]sf]
;t{;lxtsf] ;xof]u ;"lr (Aid agenda) af6 ;'zf;gsf]
hGd ePsf] xf] .
kl/eflift
zAbsf] ?kdf ;'zf;gsf] k|yd k|of]u ;g\ !(*( df ljZj aF}sn] blIf0f clk|msfsf]
cfof]hgfsf] d"Nof+sg k|ltj]bg lbbf (Crisis in governance) zAbsf] k|of]u u/]kl5 Good Governance zAbsf] k|of]u
ePsf] xf] . ;'zf;gsf] k|of]u b'O{
k|sf/n] ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 ;fwgsf] ?kdf / ;fWosf] ?kdf . cfhsn ;'zf;gsf Indicator a9\b} uPsfn] ;'zf;gsf] ;§fdf Good Enough
Governance sf] k|of]u a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . of]
cjwf/0ff Nofpg] Merilee Grindle x'g\ .
-;'zf;gsf] kl/efiff a'‰g
cfjZos zAbx? M sfg'gL /fHo, ljlwsf] zf;g, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, e|i6frf/
lgoGq0f, dfgjclwsf/, ;fj{hflgs ;]jf, ljs]lGb|t zf;g k|0ffnL, hg;xeflutf, zflGt
;'/Iff, cfly{s cg'zf;g, ;fdflhs g}ltstf, /f]huf/L, :jf:Yo, l:y/ ;/sf/, hgd'vL
zf;g, ljsf; / ;xsfo{_
zf;lso k|0ffnLsf] cfw'lgs ;Gbe{sf] ?Kfdf ;'zf;g M ;g\ !(*) cuf8L vf;u/L
zLto'4sf] kl/0ffd :j?k ljsf;f]Gd"v d'n'sx?sf] k'gM;+/rgf / ljsf;sf] nflu
cjnDag ul/Psf] ;+/rgfTds ;dfof]hg sfo{qmdx?sf] c;kmntf, sdhf]/ tyf lg/ª\s'z
;/sf/, ckf/bzL{tf h:tf kIfx?n] bftfx?sf] Wofg lvRof] . o;sf ljleGg r/0fx?sf]
ljZn]if0f ubf{ Pp6} dfq lgisif{ lg:sLof] s'zf;g . ;f] dfGotfnfO{ 6]s]/ d'n'ssf]
ljsf;sf] ckl/xfo{ ;fwgsf] ?kdf ;g\ !(() df ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffn] dfGotf kfPsf]
xf] . of] cjwf/0ff klZrdL b]z tyf j}b]lzs ;xfot k|bfg ug{] ;+:yfx?4f/f ljsf;lzn
b]zx?sf] zf;g Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ NofO{ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf ultlzntf k|bfg
ug{] k|of]hgsf] nflu ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .
;g\ !((% sf] ;fdflhs ljsf; ;DaGwL ljZj ;Dd]ngn] ;dfhsf ;a} If]qdf
k|hftflGqs, kf/bzL{, pQ/bfoLk"0f{ zf;g k|0ffnL / dfgj s]lGb|t lbuf] ljsf;
cleGg cfwf/lznf x'g eGg] pb\3f]if u/]kl5 ;'zf;gn] ljZJfJofkL :yfg kfpFb} uof] .
p;sf] d'Vo pb]Zo hgtfnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf k|jfxdf u'0f:tl/otf / k|efjsf/Ltf
a9fpg' xf] .
ljZj a}+sn] ;'zf;gsf
;"rssf] ?kdf lgDg kIfx? pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M
o cfjfh / pQ/bfloTj
o /fhg}lts l:y/tf / clx+;f
o ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf
o Joj:yfklso u'0f:t/
o ljlwsf] zf;g
o e"|i6frf/ lgoGq0f
g]kfndf ;'zf;gsf s]lx k|of;x? M
g]kfndf
;'zf;gsf] nflu s]lx gLltut Joj:yf ePsf 5g\ . h'g lgDg 5g\ .
· g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ M ;+l3o nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yf,
sfg'gsf] zf;g, k|]; :jtGqtf, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f, hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf / :jtGq
Gofokflnsf .
· rf}wf} of]hgfsf] cjwf/0ffn] ;fj{hflgs, Goflos / ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ cem
al9 k|lt:klw{, ;]jfd'ns, kf/blz{, kl/0ffdd'vL, pQ/bfoL / ;dfj]zL agfpg] ;f]r
/fv]sf] .
· ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g @)^$M ;'zf;g sfod ug{sfnflu k|zf;lgs
sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ ;+ljwfg tyf cGo sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePsf s'/fx?sf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf
cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg ug{'kg{] 5 M–
Ø /fi6« / hgtfsf] j[xQ/ lxt, ;dGofo / ;dfj]lzs/0f
Ø sfg'sf] zf;g / dfgjclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt
Ø kf/blz{tf, j:t'lgi7tf, hjfkmb]lxtf tyf OdfGbfl/tf
Ø cfly{s cg'zf;g Pj+ e|i6rf/d'Qm, r':t / hgd'vL k|zf;g
Ø k|zf;g ;+oGqsf] t6:ytf tyf lgikIftf
Ø k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdf / lg0f{odf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kxF'r
Ø ljs]lGb|s/0f tyf clwsf/ lgIf]k0f
Ø hg;xeflutf tyf :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] clwstd\ pkof]u
· ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL @)^%
· ;]jf cleofg lgb{]lzsf @)^%
· lg0f{o k|lqmof ;/lns/0f ug{] lgb]{lzsf @)^%
;'rgfsf] xs M k/Dk/fut ?kdf ;'rgfnfO{ uf]Ko /flvg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf lyof]
. o;}n] ;'rgfsf] xs cfw'lgs zf;g k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf xf] . sf}l6No tyf cGo
k"lj{o bfz{lgsx?n] zf;gsf sfo{x? cToGt uf]Ko ?kdf dGq0ff ul/g'kg{] ;Nnfx lbPsf
5g\ . zf;g ;DalGw dGq0ff ubf{ ;'uf tyf cGo r/fsf] ;d]t glhsdf ug{' gx'g] egL
clt uf]Ko ?kn] ug{'kg{] / zf;sx?Nf] klg s'g} xfpefpaf6 zf;gnfO{ aflx/ hfgaf6
/f]Sg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf lyof] .
cf'wlgs nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLdf
zf;g ;DalGw ;"rgf uf]Ko g/fvL hgtfnfO{ pknAw u/fpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf
/x]sf] 5 . ;'rgfsf] xsnfO{ ;'zf;gsf] cfTdfsf] ?kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 .
;"rgfdfq lbg] sL o;sf] cflwsfl/s b:tfj]hsf] k|ltlnlk pkNfAw u/fpg] eGg]
af/]df /x]sf] ljjfbdf jt{dfgdf ;"rgfsf] ;fy} b:tfj]h ;d]t pknAw u/fpg'kg{]
l;4fGt :jLsf/ ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . ;"rgf s;nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] eGg] ljifodf b]z
cg';f/ km/s km/s Joj:yf 5, cd]l/sfdf of] clwsf/ ;a}nfO{ 5 eg] g]kfndf g]kfnL
gful/snfO{ dfq k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
;'rgfsf] xs ;DalGw cjwf/0ff M
o ljZjdf M ljZjdf ;j{k|yd ;'rgfsf] xs ;DalGw Joj:yf ug{] d'n's :jL8]g xf]
. ToxfFsf] k|]; :jTfGqtf ;DaGwL ;g\ !&^^ sf] Freedom of Press Act gfds sfg'gnfO{ ;'rgf :jtGqtfsf] sf]z]9'ª\uf dflgG5 . ToxfF ;fdfGotyf
;'rgf dfu]sf] @$ 306fdf ;'rgf pknAw u/fO{G5 . ;'rgf OGsf/ ug{'k/]df lnlvt ?kd}
To;sf] sf/0f lbg] ul/G5 . cd]l/sfdf ;j{k|yd k|zf;lso sfo{ljlw P]g, !($^ n]
;'rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL s]lx Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . pQm P]gdf k|zf;lso sfo{ /
sfo{ljlw ;fj{hflgs rf;f]sf ljifo x'g eGg] s'/f l:jsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !($*
sf] ljZjJofkL dfgjclwsf/sf] 3f]if0ff kq sf] wf/f !( df ;a}nfO{ cleJolQm /
:jtGqtfsf] clwsf/nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L cd]l/sfdf ;g\ !(^^
df 5'§} ;"rgfsf] :jtGqtf;DaGwL P]g agfO{ hf/L ul/of] . h;df elgPsf] 5 M
;"rgf lbg] s'/f lgod xf], glbPdf ckjfb dfq xf], k|To]s JolQmnfO{
;"rgfdf kx'Frsf] ;dfg clwsf/ x'G5, ;"rgf lsg / s] sf/0fn] rflxof]
eGg] s'/f v'nfO{ /fVg cfjZos 5}g, ;"rgf lbg' gkg{] eP ;f] sf] k|df0f
h'6fpg] ef/ ;/sf/df /xG5 g ls JolQmdf . ;g\ !((& df a]nfotsf] Zj]tkqn] klg
;fj{hflgs lxtsf] k|lts'n gx'g] lsl;dsf ;a} ;'rgf pknAw u/fpg] l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/
u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!$ ;Dd !)! eGbf a9L d'n'sx?n] ;'rgfsf] xs;DalGw sfg'g lgdf{0f
ul/;s]sf 5g\ . jt{dfg sfg'gdf lghL If]qn] ug{] lqmofsnfkx?fsf] ;DaGwdf
;"rgfsf] xs :yflkt ug{ g;Sg' r'gf}tLsf] ?Kfdf /x]sf] 5 .
o blIf0f Pl;ofdf ;'rgfsf] xs M cfh ;"rgfsf] xs cGt/fli6«o sfg'g
eO;s]sf] 5 . ljZjsf () eGbf a9L d'n'sx?Nf] jf cGo sfg'x?sf] lgdf{0f u/]/
;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/;s]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;+ljwfgdf ;"rgfsf] xs
;dfj]z ug{] klxnf] blIf0f Pl;ofnL b]z ag]sf] 5 eg] ;"rgfsf] xs ;DalGw
a]Un} sfg'g agfpg] t];|f] blIf0f Pl;ofnL b]z xf] . ;j{k|yd ef/tdf ;g\ @))@ df
To;kl5 kfls:tfgdf ;g\ @))% df / To; kl5 g]kfndf ;g\ @))& -lj=;= @)^$_df
;"rgfsf] xs ;DalGw sfg'g ag]sf] xf] .
o g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xs M g]kfnsf lj=;= @)$& kl5sf ;+ljwfgdf
;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?Kf pNn]v ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . cem ;"rgf
cfof]un] t kl/Iffdf ljBfyL{x?n] lbPsf pQ/k'l:tsf;d]t x]g{ cfpg]nfO{ k|lqmof
k'¥ofP/ pknAw u/fpg'kg{] egL lg0f{o
u/]sf] 5 . / ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] o;nfO{ j}Btf ;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . lj=;= @)^&
kl5 ;"rgfsf] xs kfpg] hgtfsf] clwsf/ eGbf klg o;nfO{ zf;sn] pknAw
u/fpg'kg{] bfloTjsf] ?kdf lnOg]] ul/Psf] 5 . t/ e}/jnD;fn cfof]usf] cs't ;Dklt
sdfPsf] ;DaGwdf ePsf] 5fgljgsf] k|ltj]bg
;"rgf cfof]usf] cfb]z x'Fbf klg o;sf lj?4 clk|n @)!# df dlGqkl/ifbn] of]
k|ltj]bgnfO{ uf]Ko /fVg] egL u/]sf] lg0f{on] ;f] b:tfj]h k|fKt ug{] clwsf/af6
:jo+ ;"rgf cfof]unfO{ ;d]t jl~rt u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ df ljleGg % k|sf/sf ;"rgfnfO{
ulDe/ 7fgL uf]Ko /flvg'kg{] elgPsf] 5 M
o g]kfnsf ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf, /fli6«o ;'/Iff, ;fj{hflgs zflGt /
;'Joj:yf, cGt/fli6«o ;DaGwdf vnn k'¥ofpg] ;"rgf,
o ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, txlssft tyf cleof]hgdf k|ToIf afwf k'¥ofpg]
;"rgf,
o cfly{s, Jofkfl/s, df}lb|s lxt, af}l4s ;Dklt ;+/If0f, a}+lsª jf Jofkfl/s
uf]klgotfdf ulDe/ cf3ft kfg{] ;"rgfx?,
o ljleGg hfthftL, ;Dk|bfolarsf] ;'–;DaGwdf k|ToIf vnn kfg{] ;"rgf /
o JolQmut uf]klgotf, JolQmsf] hLp, Hofg, ;Dklt, :jf:Yo jf ;'/Iffdf vt/f
k¥ofpg]] ;"rgf .
sunshine s] xf] <
of] ;'rgfsf] xssf] cleGg kf6f] xf] h;n] sfg'g agfpFbf jf dxTjk"0f{
lg0f{o lnFbf v'nf ?kdf ug{'k5{ eGg] dfGotf af]s]sf] x'G5 . /fli6«o lxt jf
dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf sfg'g agfpFbf jf o;af/]] meeting ubf{ ;fj{hflgs hfgsf/L u/fO{ ;f] 5nkmndf ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;xeflutf ug{,
lgl/If0f ug{ kfpg'k5{ tTkZrft dfq} sfg'g agfpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fV5 .
;'rgfsf] xsnfO{ k|jw{g ug{ ljZjdf open Government Partnership Movement
g} rn]sf] 5 h;df %^ b]z / %) eGbf a9L cGt/fli6«o Agency x?sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] 5
. o; Movement sf] g]t[Tj cd]l/sL /fi6«klt af/fs cf]afdf / a|flhlnog /fi6«klt
8]Ndf ?;]kmn] u/]sf 5g\ .
kf/blz{tf M ha s'g}klg ;fj{hflgs lgsfon] cfk"mn] u/]sf sfdsf/afxL,
lg0f{o cflbsf] af/]df k|z:t / kof{Kt ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/Lx? hgtfnfO{ vf]h]sf]
/ rfx]sf]a]nf gn'sfO{ gl5kfO{ pknAw u/fpF5g\ hgtfdf lt lgsfox? k|lt ljZjf; a9]/
hfG5 . ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf /fv]kl5 / o; ;DalGw 5'§} sfg'g
;d]t hf/L ePkl5 d'n'sdf kfblz{tfsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . zf;g Joj:yfdf
kf/blZf{tfn] g} e|i6frf/ tyf clgoldttfnfO{ /f]sL zf;gnfO{ hgpQ/bfoL agfpg]
ePsf]n] o;nfO{ nf]stGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ / c;n zf;gsf] nflu clgjfo{ tTjsf ?kdf
lnOG5 .
ljZjdf ePsf d'n'sx?df s'g zf;g slt kf/bzL{ 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ s]lx
aif{b]lv 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]Zgnn] ;fj{hflgs ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o;df !) lsl;dsf
;"rsx?sf cfwf/df kf/blz{tf gflkg] ul/G5 . h;df krxQ/ k|ltzt dfly pQd, krf;
k|ltzt dfly kf/bzL{ / klRr; k|ltzt eGbf sd ckf/bzL{ dflgG5 .
kf/bzL{tfsf] cEof; M ;g\ !(&$ lt/ u|L;df ePsf] nf]stGqsf] t];|f]
nx/sf] pTs[i6 ?k !(() lt/ b]lvPkl5 g} nf]stGqsf sdhf]/Lx?;d]]t b]vf k/]sf lyP .
;g\ !((# df hd{gLdf cleofgs} ?kdf kf/bzL{tfnfO{ :yflkt ug{ / cl3 a9fpg
6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/n];gn eGg] ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf eO{ cleofgs} ?Kfdf cl3 a9fpg] sfd ;'? ePsf] xf] . xfn of]
;+:yf ljZjsf ;a}h;f] d'n'sdf lqmoflzn 5 / k|To]s jif{ k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ub{}
cfPsf] 5 . kf/bzL{tfnfO{ cGt/fli6«os/0f ug{] sfd ;g\ !((& sf] ;]K6]Da/
&–!! df lndfdf ePsf] e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cf7f}F cGt/fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] u/]sf]
lyof] . pQm ;Dd]ngdf (# d'n's ;xefuL ePsf lyP . ;g\ @)!! kl5 t v'nf ;/sf/sf]
cjwf/0ffn] zf;g;DalGw ;a} s'/f v'nf ug'{kg{] b]lvG5 . vf;u/L :s]lG8leog If]qsf
d'n'sx? kf/blz{tfdf pTs[i6 b]lvPsf 5g\ eg] ljsf;f]Gd"v b]zx? o; If]qdf
k5f8L k/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 tyfkL kf/blz{tfsf] l;4fGt eg] nf]stflGqs zf;gdf clgjfo{
tTjsf ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] kfO{G5 . /fHo lgdf{0f M
/fHo
lgdf{0f M /fHosf] lgdf{0f ef}lts / /fhgLlts
cfwf/df x'g] ub{5 . s'g} lglZrt e"efu / hgtf dfly ;fj{ef}d zlQmnfO{ k|of]u
u/L /fhgLlts ;+u7g v8f u/L ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ / /fhsLo clwsf/sf] cEof; ug{]
OsfOsf] lgdf{0f g} /fHo lgdf{0f xf] . P]ltxfl;s sfndf zlQmzfnLx?n] gofF
If]qdf a;f]af; u/fP/ Tof] If]qdfly gofF
/fHo v8f ug{] sfd u/]sf lyP . t/ jt{dfgdf ljZjdf s'g}klg k|b]zx? vfnL gePsf]n]
gofF j:tL a;fP/ /fHo lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsb}g . To;}n] jt{dfgdf s'g} /fHonfO{ ljefhg
u/]/ jf Plss/0f u/]/ gofF /fHosf] lgdf{0f ul/G5 . kl5Nnf] ;do blIf0f ;'8fgsf]
lgdf{0f olx k|lqmofaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf ;f]leot ;+3 lj36g
eP/ !% j6f gofF /fHo lgdf{0f ePsf lyP . cd]l/sf !# j6f /fHo ldn]/ ag]sf]df xfn
%) j6f /fHo ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . g]kfn klg %^ eGbf a9L /fHo ufe]/ ag]sf] xf] .
/fHo
lgdf{0fsf] l;4fGt M /fHo lgdf{0fsf] b'O{j6f l;4fGt
k|rlnt /x]sf 5g\ . klxnf] l;4fGtdf /fHo lgdf{0fsf] sfd cGt/fli6«o ;d'bfosf] xf]
eGg] dfGotf dfGotf /fVb5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsb]lv ljleGg 4G4u|:t tyf c;kmn
/fHox?df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 / cGo cGt/fli6«o ;+3;+:yfn] ug{] sfo{nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
bf];|f] l;4fGtn] /fHo lgdf{0fsf] sfd 3/]n' sfo{ dfGb5 . of] l;4fGtn] /fHon]
cfk\mgf] l;dfgf aflx/ /fHosf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] dfGb5 . t/ afXo hutn] /fHo
lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf eg] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5 . ctM jt{dfg cj:yfdf /fHo
lgdf{0fnfO{ cfwf/e"t ?kdf k|fljlws Ifdtf clej[l4sf] ljifo dfq geP/ /fHo
lgdf{0fnfO{ /fhgLlts k|lqmofsf ?kdf dflgg] ul/G5 .
/fi6« / /fHo ljr leGgtfx? M |
leGgtfsf
cfwf/
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/fi6«
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/fHo
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cfwf/e"t
tTj
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;fdlhs, ;fF:s[lts tyf P]ltxfl;s
klxrfg
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e'uf]n, hg;+Vof, ;/sf/,
;fj{ef}ldstf / cGt/fli6«o dfGotf
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rl/q
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;fdflhs – ;fF:s[lts ;d'bfo
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/fhg}lts ;d'bfo
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:j?k
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cd"t{, cef}lts /
cg'e"lthGo ljifo
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d"t{, 7f]; / ef}lts ljifo
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e'uf]n
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e'uf]n ljgfsf] /fi6« ;Dej 5 .
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e'uf]n ljgfsf] /fHo sNkgf ug{ ;lsGg .
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;fj{ef}ldstf
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;fj{ef}d;Qf cfjZos x'Gg .
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;fj{ef}d;Qf lagfsf] /fHo ;Dej
x'Fb}g .
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l:y/tf
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l:y/ x'G5 e"uf]n / ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] cl:y/tfn] km/s
kfb}{g
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cl:y/ x'G5 . obfsbf /fHosf] x}l;ot u'Dg jf k'gM k|fKt x'g
;S5
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If]q
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a[xt\ . of] b]zsf] l;dfgf aflx/
klg k}mlnP/ /xg ;S5
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l;ldt . of] b]zsf] l;dfgfleq
dfq l;ldt x'G5 .
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gofF
;[hgf
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;Dej 5}g . of] ;ofF} jif{sf] ;fdflhs – ;fF:s[lts
cGt/3'ngsf] k|lqmofaf6 ljsf; x'G5 .
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;Dej 5 . ljz]if kl/l:yltdf gofF /fHo ;[hgf x'g ;S5 .
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